الجيش في الحضارات القديمة: دراسة مقارنة في التنظيم والوظيفة والتأثير الحضاري

Abstract

This study examines the army in ancient civilizations as a central institution that significantly shaped political, social, and economic structures. It analyzes the origins, organization, and military strategies of major ancient civilizations such as Ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia, Ancient Greece, and Ancient Rome. The research highlights the role of the army in border protection, territorial expansion, consolidation of political authority, and technological development. Using a comparative historical methodology, the study investigates inscriptions, archaeological evidence, and classical sources to identify similarities and differences among ancient military systems and evaluate their broader civilizational impact.